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Boosting Threshold & VO2 Max to Achieve Fitness & Performance

To keep the pedals turning, focus on boosting your threshold power and VO2max. These markers are the major predictors of endurance and performance and needed markers to determine accurate training zones.


Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be used by the body for maximal sustained power output, and is determined by gas analysis assessment. Oxygen consumption is your ability to extract oxygen from the air, ability to ventilate, ability of heart to pump out blood and ability of tissues to extract oxygen from the blood. The body uses oxygen to convert nutrients into energy. Therefore the more oxygen you can consume, the more energy you can produce (the more power, speed, and work you can do). VO2max is your fitness ceiling, or like a car, it is the size of your engine.


Threshold reflects the balance between lactate production and removal, meaning it is the highest workload at which you can still nourish the muscles with O2 and remove lactate for energy production. In practical terms, it is the highest sustainable effort or the highest amount of work you can sustain before lactate begins to pile up in your blood. Like a car, it is your gas mileage. Your threshold power can easily be determined by taking the Power Test cycleops.com.


By raising your Threshold Power and VO2max, you will be able to produce more work and maintain the activity for a greater period of time. As the diagram shows, VO2max is a ceiling, determined primarily on the size of the left ventricle. Since the volume of the heart chamber doesn’t change drastically, you have a genetic ceiling you can obtain through training. After you have been training for a while, VO2 values may only increase a little (or not at all). However, threshold is quite dynamic and will respond well to appropriate training. Therefore the goal is to boost your threshold as far ‘to the right’ or as close to your peak as possible. In otherwords, VO2max is the puzzle and threshold is the main piece of the puzzle.


To drive those markers to the right, it will require high intensity work to build strength and power PLUS high mileage to build endurance and stamina to carry on the effort. If you want to increase VO2max, you have to train near it. This is very short bouts of your highest power outputs. To boost threshold, you will focus on training around it, and progressively increasing your training volume. By putting “near threshold” time in the saddle you will build powerful, long lasting muscles.


Although there are many workouts to achieve this goal, I can give you one workout that will get it all done at once. This workout focuses on boosting VO2max & threshold power within a 60-70 min period of time. Like a car, you’ll develop the max strength of a dragster engine and sustain the speed like an Indy car. Before doing the following workout, take the Power Test to determine your Threshold Power. You will then need to know 80-90% and 110% of Threshold Power.


  • After 10:00 warm-up, gradually ramp yourself up to 80% of Threshold power
  • Sustain 80-90% Threshold Power 10:00 to 20:00 (work your way up to 20:00)
  • 5:00 Easy
  • 3:00-5:00 90-110% Threshold Power - Finish with all out 10-20 sec effort
  • 5:00 Easy
  • 5:00 90-110% Threshold Power - Finish with all out 10-20 sec effort
  • 5:00 Easy
  • 3:00-5:00 90-110% Threshold Power - Finish with all out 10-20 sec effort
  • Cool Down 10:00

Adjust times and intensity based on your current fitness level.


Workout cue sheet.

The details below show each focus separately.



Angie Sturtevant
Specialists in Sports Performance, LLC
Saris Cycling Group Fitness Education Director
CycleOps Power Master Training Specialist
USAC Elite Level 1 Cycling & Power Based Coach; USAT Triathlon Coach
ACE & AFAA Trainer and Continuing Education Provider
Metabolic Testing Specialist

1/9/2008 2:40:31 PM (Central Standard Time, UTC-06:00)
I've been using a similar interval in my last 3 week training block. Rather than a power range, I've been using 120% of my last test's threshold power. I am happy with the progress although my next test will be the proof of the efficacy. Should I expect better results by using a power range rather than the fixed target power?
1/11/2008 10:55:46 AM (Central Standard Time, UTC-06:00)
When monitoring your power output on the computer, you will note that there is a great deal of changeability in the wattage reading. Since cycling involves constant repetitive pedaling, there is regular flux in pedaling consistency. Given that watts are an instantaneous measurement, you will see the fluctuations. It is NORMAL that one does not sustain a specific wattage. If you are utilizing an electronic trainer that allows you to put in a fixed wattage or using the average power reading, realize that in reality there is flux in the pedaling consistency. The wattage you are targeting is normalizing the fluctuations and assuming everything is the same. Although the display shows a fixed watt, you are not actually pedaling a fixed watt. If you are not utilizing an electronic trainer or not focusing on average power, you will then focus on staying within a zone range, instead of sustaining a specific watt. Obviously, as you develop pedaling efficiency & cycling skills, you will become more proficient in pedaling consistency and find it easier to narrow the zone. So the answer to your question is that staying within that target range or using a fixed watt will not matter. What does matter is that you progressively increase that range and/or fixed watt.
6/2/2008 5:07:21 PM (Central Standard Time, UTC-06:00)
I have a question about the initial 20 minute effort. If it's at 80-90 % of CP60 it is a fairly light effort, correct? In other words, if using Coggan's power scheme, it's the top of zone III? So then the 3-5' efforts are the real kicker? The VO2 efforts?
6/5/2008 8:00:56 AM (Central Standard Time, UTC-06:00)
The initial 10-20 minute effort is based on 80-90% of threshold power from the CycleOps Power Test (cycleops.com/ptc). Assuming the rider performed the Power Test accurately; the results would reflect a baseline power threshold. This power threshold provides a range of the power output corresponding to the highest intensity at which blood lactate concentration remains stable, reflecting a balance between lactate production and removal. Training 80-90% of that baseline power threshold will feel like work and create strain, as here the body is reliant on aerobic metabolism of both fat and carbohydrate, dependent upon availability of carbohydrate. Stretching the time you can sustain this ‘strain’ reflects training gains. It is not a fairly light effort, but a moderate to hard effort, correlating to the critical power zones you use of approximately CP12 to CP30, depending upon the individual and their fitness level. The 3-5 minute efforts are just above threshold power, and here the body has crossed the border between aerobic metabolism to a mix of anaerobic/aerobic metabolism, dependent upon availability of carbohydrate. Training at 90-110% of power threshold will feel like hard to very hard work, correlating to critical power zones you use of approximately CP6-CP12, depending upon the individual and their fitness level. In both cases, training just below and just above power threshold boosts a rightward shift of power threshold, reflecting training gains. The all-out 10-20 second efforts are the ‘real kickers’ for boosting VO2.

Since everyone has different strengths and weaknesses, coaches use various ways of determining and training power zones to ensure they reflect the needs of the individual’s physiological systems & muscle fiber recruitment. The coach will categorize and train these workloads (zones) relative to various measurable markers, which represent the individual’s aerobic system, muscle fiber recruitment, threshold, power, VO2 and anaerobic system. Regardless of which power zone methodology you use, it is critical you know your power threshold. To boost your power threshold, be sure to train just below it, around it and above it.
Angie Sturtevant
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